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CPP (1) 30 May 1993 CPP (1) N✓NA✓AM✓ME✓E cpp - a stand-alone C preprocessor S✓SY✓YN✓NO✓OP✓PS✓SI✓IS✓S c✓cp✓pp✓p [ -✓-C✓CT✓TV✓V ] [ -✓-P✓P[012] ] [ -✓-D✓Dname ] [ -✓-D✓Dname=✓=def ] [ -✓-I✓Idirectory ] [ -✓-U✓Uname ] [ -✓-a✓an✓ns✓si✓i ] [ -✓-p✓pe✓ed✓da✓an✓nt✓ti✓ic✓c ] [ -✓-f✓f[no-]c✓c+✓++✓+-✓-c✓co✓om✓mm✓me✓en✓nt✓ts✓s ] [ -✓-f✓f[no-]i✓im✓mp✓pl✓li✓ic✓ci✓it✓t-✓-n✓ne✓ew✓wl✓li✓in✓ne✓es✓s ] [ -✓-W✓W[no-]b✓ba✓ad✓d-✓-c✓ch✓ha✓ar✓rs✓s ] [ -✓-W✓W[no-]n✓ne✓es✓st✓te✓ed✓d-✓-c✓co✓om✓mm✓me✓en✓nt✓ts✓s ] [ -✓-W✓W[no-]b✓ba✓ad✓d-✓-c✓co✓on✓nc✓ca✓at✓t-✓-t✓to✓ok✓ke✓en✓ns✓s ] [ -✓-W✓W[no-]u✓un✓nk✓kn✓no✓ow✓wn✓n-✓-p✓pr✓ra✓ag✓gm✓ma✓a ] [ i✓in✓np✓pu✓ut✓t-✓-f✓fi✓il✓le✓e [ o✓ou✓ut✓tp✓pu✓ut✓t-✓-f✓fi✓il✓le✓e ] ] D✓DE✓ES✓SC✓CR✓RI✓IP✓PT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓N c✓cp✓pp✓p is a stand-alone C preprocessor, intended for use with C compilers such as HSC which do not provided access to preprocessor output. It implements translation phases 1 through 4 as specified by the standards document ANSI/ISO 9899-1990 describing the C programming language, including trigraphs, token pasting and stringizing. c✓cp✓pp✓p optionally accepts two filenames as arguments. i✓in✓np✓pu✓ut✓t-✓-f✓fi✓il✓le✓e and o✓ou✓ut✓tp✓pu✓ut✓t-✓-f✓fi✓il✓le✓e are, respectively, the input and output files for the preprocessor. If not specified, or if given as `-', they default to the standard input and the standard output, respectively. O✓OP✓PT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓NS✓S -✓-C✓C Pass all comments (except those that appear on c✓cp✓pp✓p directive lines) through the preprocessor. By default, c✓cp✓pp✓p strips out C-style comments. -✓-P✓P[012] Preprocess the input without producing the line control information used by the next pass of the C compiler. A numeric argument can be passed to -P: 0 specifies that no line control information control is generated, and is equivalent to -P; 1 specifies that normal line control information is generated, which is the default; and 2 specifies that line control information is generated in the form of preprocessor #✓#l✓li✓in✓ne✓e directives. -✓-T✓T Translate trigraphs in the input file. This behavior is implied by the -✓-a✓an✓ns✓si✓i option. -✓-D✓D name Define n✓na✓am✓me✓e as 1 (one). This is the same as if a -✓-D✓Dname=✓=1✓1 option appeared on the c✓cp✓pp✓p command line, or as if a Tue Mar 14 00:38:45 1995 Page 1 CPP (1) 30 May 1993 CPP (1) #✓#d✓de✓ef✓fi✓in✓ne✓e name 1✓1 line appeared in the source file that c✓cp✓pp✓p is processing. -✓-D✓Dname=✓=def Define n✓na✓am✓me✓e as if by a #✓#d✓de✓ef✓fi✓in✓ne✓e directive. This is the same as if a #✓#d✓de✓ef✓fi✓in✓ne✓e name d✓de✓ef✓f line appeared in the source file that c✓cp✓pp✓p is processing. The -✓-D✓D option has lower precedence than the -✓-U✓U option; that is, if the same name is used in both a -✓-U✓U option and a -✓-D✓D option, the name will be undefined regardless of the order of the options. -✓-I✓Idirectory Insert d✓di✓ir✓re✓ec✓ct✓to✓or✓ry✓y into the search path for #✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e files with names not beginning with `/✓/', `\✓\´, or a drive specifier. d✓di✓ir✓re✓ec✓ct✓to✓or✓ry✓y is inserted ahead of the standard list of ``include'' directories. Thus, #✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e files with names enclosed in double-quotes ("✓") are searched for first in the directory of the file with the #✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e line, then in directories named with -✓-I✓I options, and lastly, in directories from the standard list. For #✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e files with names enclosed in angle-brackets (<✓<>✓>), the directory of the file with the #✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e line is not searched. See U✓US✓SA✓AG✓GE✓E below for exact details of this search order. -✓-S✓S[filename] Specify an alternate configuration file. If f✓fi✓il✓le✓en✓na✓am✓me✓e is present, the specified file is read instead of the default configuration file; if f✓fi✓il✓le✓en✓na✓am✓me✓e is absent, the default configuration file is simply not read. See U✓US✓SA✓AG✓GE✓E below for further details. -✓-U✓Uname Remove any initial definition of n✓na✓am✓me✓e, where n✓na✓am✓me✓e is a symbol that is predefined by the preprocessor. -✓-V✓V Print version information to s✓st✓td✓de✓er✓rr✓r. -✓-a✓an✓ns✓si✓i Define the preprocessor token _✓__✓_S✓ST✓TD✓DC✓C_✓__✓_ to have value 1, and enable trigraph translation. To get _✓__✓_S✓ST✓TD✓DC✓C_✓__✓_ without trigraph translation, you can specify the options -✓-a✓an✓ns✓si✓i -✓-T✓T. Tue Mar 14 00:38:45 1995 Page 2 CPP (1) 30 May 1993 CPP (1) -✓-p✓pe✓ed✓da✓an✓nt✓ti✓ic✓c Issue warnings for constructs which, while recognized and accepted by most preprocessors, are not strictly allowed by the ANSI/ISO standard. Currently the following such constructs are recognized: * Numeric tokens which fall afoul of the new `preprocessing number' definition in ANSI/ISO 6.1.8, such as `0x123e+1'. With or without -✓-p✓pe✓ed✓da✓an✓nt✓ti✓ic✓c, c✓cp✓pp✓p will immediately retokenize the offending token in the expected manner. The following -✓-f✓f and -✓-W✓W options can be negated by adding a n✓no✓o-✓- before the option name. Some are on by default. -✓-f✓fc✓c+✓++✓+-✓-c✓co✓om✓mm✓me✓en✓nt✓ts✓s Support the C++ comment indicator `/✓//✓/´. With this option active, everything on the line after the /✓//✓/ is treated as a comment. Off by default. -✓-f✓fi✓im✓mp✓pl✓li✓ic✓ci✓it✓t-✓-n✓ne✓ew✓wl✓li✓in✓ne✓es✓s Allow string literals to have embedded newlines, as in the following example: "this is an example" This option allows c✓cp✓pp✓p to be used on code written for certain rather irritatingly nonstandard compilers (we won't mention GCC's name...). Off by default. -✓-W✓Wb✓ba✓ad✓d-✓-c✓ch✓ha✓ar✓rs✓s Issue a warning if a character that cannot legally appear in a C program appears in the input. On by default. -✓-W✓Wn✓ne✓es✓st✓te✓ed✓d-✓-c✓co✓om✓mm✓me✓en✓nt✓ts✓s Issue a warning if a comment-start character sequence (`/✓/*✓*´, and `/✓//✓/´ if -✓-f✓fc✓c+✓++✓+-✓-c✓co✓om✓mm✓me✓en✓nt✓ts✓s is active) appears in a comment. Off by default. -✓-W✓Wb✓ba✓ad✓d-✓-c✓co✓on✓nc✓ca✓at✓t-✓-t✓to✓ok✓ke✓en✓ns✓s Issue a warning if the token concatenation operator ## produces an illegal C token. On by default. -✓-W✓Wu✓un✓nk✓kn✓no✓ow✓wn✓n-✓-p✓pr✓ra✓ag✓gm✓ma✓a Issue a warning if the input contains a #✓#p✓pr✓ra✓ag✓gm✓ma✓a directive that c✓cp✓pp✓p does not recognize. Off by default. Options beginning with -✓-X✓X are for specialized interactions with particular programs, and should not generally be invoked directly by the user. The following such options are currently recognized: Tue Mar 14 00:38:45 1995 Page 3 CPP (1) 30 May 1993 CPP (1) -✓-X✓Xf✓fl✓lu✓uf✓ff✓f This option is used by the f✓fl✓lu✓uf✓ff✓f(1) source code checker. It causes the preprocessor token _✓__✓_F✓FL✓LU✓UF✓FF✓F_✓__✓_ to be defined, and enables certain related pragmas. See the f✓fl✓lu✓uf✓ff✓f(1) documentation for further information. U✓US✓SA✓AG✓GE✓E If you are familiar with C, you should already know about the basic workings of c✓cp✓pp✓p. We will not go into a detailed description here, since any good book on C could do better; instead, we will describe details particular to this implementation. Directory Search Order A file specified in an #✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e directive will be searched for in the following directories, in order: 1. The directory of the file that contains the #✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e directive, if the directive is of the form `#✓#i✓in✓nc✓cl✓lu✓ud✓de✓e "filename"'. 2. The directories specified by -✓-I✓I options, in the order they were specified. 3. The list of directories specified in the I✓IN✓NC✓CL✓LU✓UD✓DE✓E environment variable, in order. Special Names The following macros are predefined by c✓cp✓pp✓p: _✓__✓_S✓ST✓TD✓DC✓C_✓__✓_ Expands to 1 if the -✓-a✓an✓ns✓si✓i option is specified. _✓__✓_L✓LI✓IN✓NE✓E_✓__✓_ Expands to an integer constant representing the current line number in the current input file. _✓__✓_F✓FI✓IL✓LE✓E_✓__✓_ Expands to a string constant representing the name of the current input file. _✓__✓_D✓DA✓AT✓TE✓E_✓__✓_ Expands to a string constant of the form "Mmm dd yyyy" representing the date on which preprocessing was initiated. _✓__✓_T✓TI✓IM✓ME✓E_✓__✓_ Tue Mar 14 00:38:45 1995 Page 4 CPP (1) 30 May 1993 CPP (1) Expands to a string constant of the form "hh:mm:ss" representing the system time at which preprocessing was initiated. Configuration files c✓cp✓pp✓p uses a configuration file to set up site-specific predefined macros. By default, the directories specified in the L✓LI✓IB✓B environment variable are searched in order for the file c✓cp✓pp✓p_✓_d✓de✓ef✓fs✓s.✓.h✓h; an alternate file can be specified from the command line with the -✓-S✓S option. The configuration file is read just like a normal input file, except that text other than preprocessor directives is not passed through to the output file. Normally the configuration file will contain only comments and preprocessor directives. In addition, two special pragmas are recognized within the configuration file only: #pragma CPP_cmdline_arg o✓op✓pt✓ti✓io✓on✓n The single token o✓op✓pt✓ti✓io✓on✓n is processed as though it had appeared as a command-line option. The option may be undone from the command line, except as indicated below. #pragma CPP_delayed Normally, the configuration file is processed before command-line options are processed, to allow the commands therein to be overridden by command-line options. This pragma causes the command line to be processed before the remainder of the file, allowing conditional setup based on parameters set from the command line. Note that macro definitions and command-line specifications made after this pragma cannot be undone from the command line. For example, the following configuration file activates C++ comments by default, and sets the macro _✓_P✓PR✓RO✓OT✓TO✓O(✓()✓) according to the presence of the -✓-a✓an✓ns✓si✓i option: #pragma CPP_cmdline_arg -fc++-comments #pragma CPP_delayed #ifdef __STDC__ # define _PROTO(x) x #else # define _PROTO(x) () #endif S✓SE✓EE✓E A✓AL✓LS✓SO✓O f✓fl✓lu✓uf✓ff✓f(1) Documentation for your C compiler Tue Mar 14 00:38:45 1995 Page 5 CPP (1) 30 May 1993 CPP (1) Any good book on C. D✓DI✓IA✓AG✓GN✓NO✓OS✓ST✓TI✓IC✓CS✓S The error messages produced by c✓cp✓pp✓p are intended to be self-explanatory. The line number and filename where the error occurred are printed along with the diagnostic. B✓BU✓UG✓GS✓S None that I know of, but there's almost always One More Bug(TM). If you should find one, please report it to me, Scott Bigham, at dsb@cs.duke.edu. Tue Mar 14 00:38:45 1995 Page 6